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Food and nutrition has been central to human culture, philosophy and science since the beginning of civilisation. However the building blocks of food and nutrition, the nutrients, remained unknown until the late 19th century. Over the next 100 years advances in physics, chemistry and physiology led to rapid developments in our knowledge, first with development of an understanding of energy and the macronutrients, followed by the minerals and vitamins. The first vitamins to be explored scientifically were thiamine, vitamin D and C and in 1935 ascorbic acid was synthesised, beginning the 20th century rapid development of knowledge of nutrients.

Diet therapy for children.

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This Special Issue addresses both new scientific insights and technological advances of gluten-free product development exploring alternative ingredients for the development of gluten-free products aiming to mimic the unique viscoelastic properties of gluten as a gas retention ingredient during fermentation, water binding and enabler of starch gelatinization on baking, and a bread flavor enhancer via gluten-related proteases.

Gluten-free diet. --- Celiac disease --- Diet therapy

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The purpose of these books is to have an updated systematic overview examining, in detail, the functional role of different diets and dietary components in maintaining glucose homeostasis and preventing long-term complications. The first book includes experimental evidence from preclinical research, whereas the second book provides studies in the clinical scenario.

Metabolic syndrome --- Diet therapy. --- Cardiovascular syndrome, Metabolic --- Dysmetabolic syndrome X --- Insulin resistance syndrome --- Metabolic cardiovascular syndrome --- Metabolic syndrome X --- Insulin resistance --- Metabolism --- Syndromes --- Disorders

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Diet therapy --- Nutrition --- Nutrition disorders --- Diet Therapy. --- Nutrition Physiology. --- Nutrition Disorders. --- Diet therapy. --- Nutrition. --- Nutrition disorders. --- Disorders of nutrition --- Alimentation --- Food --- Clinical nutrition --- Diet and disease --- Diet --- Dietotherapy --- Medical nutrition therapy --- MNT (Medical nutrition therapy) --- Nutrition therapy --- Nutritional Disorders --- Nutrition Disorder --- Nutritional Disorder --- Nutrition Phenomena --- Nutrition Physiological Concepts --- Nutrition Physiological Phenomenon --- Nutrition Process --- Nutritional Phenomena --- Nutritional Physiological Phenomenon --- Nutritional Physiology --- Nutritional Physiology Concepts --- Nutritional Physiology Phenomenon --- Nutritional Process --- Nutritional Processes --- Nutrition Physiological Phenomena --- Nutrition Physiology --- Nutrition Processes --- Nutritional Physiology Phenomena --- Concept, Nutrition Physiological --- Concept, Nutritional Physiology --- Concepts, Nutrition Physiological --- Concepts, Nutritional Physiology --- Nutrition Physiological Concept --- Nutritional Physiology Concept --- Phenomena, Nutrition --- Phenomena, Nutrition Physiological --- Phenomena, Nutritional --- Phenomena, Nutritional Physiological --- Phenomena, Nutritional Physiology --- Phenomenon, Nutrition Physiological --- Phenomenon, Nutritional Physiological --- Phenomenon, Nutritional Physiology --- Physiological Concept, Nutrition --- Physiological Concepts, Nutrition --- Physiological Phenomena, Nutrition --- Physiological Phenomena, Nutritional --- Physiological Phenomenon, Nutrition --- Physiological Phenomenon, Nutritional --- Physiology Concept, Nutritional --- Physiology Concepts, Nutritional --- Physiology Phenomena, Nutritional --- Physiology Phenomenon, Nutritional --- Physiology, Nutrition --- Physiology, Nutritional --- Process, Nutrition --- Process, Nutritional --- Processes, Nutrition --- Processes, Nutritional --- Diet Modification --- Therapy, Diet --- Dietary Modification --- Diet Modifications --- Diet Therapies --- Dietary Modifications --- Modification, Diet --- Modification, Dietary --- Modifications, Diet --- Modifications, Dietary --- Therapies, Diet --- Disease --- Health aspects --- Therapeutic use --- therapeutic use --- diet therapy --- Nutritional Physiological Phenomena. --- Diseases --- Health --- Physiology --- Dietetics --- Digestion --- Food habits --- Malnutrition --- Therapeutics, Physiological --- Nutritional Sciences --- Phototrophic Processes --- Autotrophic Processes --- Heterotrophic Processes --- Chemoautotrophic Growth --- Diet Therapy, Restrictive --- Restriction Diet Therapies --- Restriction Diet Therapy --- Restrictive Diet Therapies --- Restrictive Diet Therapy --- Diet Therapies, Restriction --- Diet Therapies, Restrictive --- Diet Therapy, Restriction --- Therapies, Restriction Diet --- Therapies, Restrictive Diet --- Therapy, Restriction Diet --- Therapy, Restrictive Diet --- Dietary Restriction --- Dietary Restrictions --- Restriction, Dietary --- Diet Therapy --- Nutritional Physiological Phenomena --- Nutrition Disorders --- Diétothérapie --- Maladies de la nutrition --- Diétothérapie. --- Maladies de la nutrition.

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The role of nutrition in health and disease has been appreciated from time immemorial. Around 400 B.C., Hippocrates wrote “Let food by thy medicine and medicine be thy food.” In the 12th century, the great philosopher and physician Moses Maimonides wrote “any disease that can be treated by diet should be treated by no other means.” Now, in the 21st century, we are bombarded by claims in the media of “superfoods,” wondrous nutritional supplements, and special diets that promise to cure or prevent disease, improve health and restore functioning. Much of the focus has been on neurological disease, brain health and psychological functioning (behavior, cognition, and emotion). The hyperbole aside, there has been considerable progress in the past decade in our understanding of the contribution of specific nutrients and dietary patterns to brain development, physiology, and functioning. This Special Issue of Brain Sciences is devoted to the latest research on the role of nutritional deficiencies and excesses in the genesis of brain dysfunction, and use of diet for the prevention and treatment of brain and mental disorders. Basic laboratory and clinical research studies of the immature, adult, and aged nervous system are all welcome.

epilepsy --- glioblastoma multiforme --- ADHD --- n/a --- prefrontal cortex --- regainers --- functional neuroimaging --- malignant glioma --- nutrients --- caffeine --- children --- inflammation --- working memory --- cytokines --- modified Atkins diet --- fish intake --- insulin resistance --- transpulmonary administration --- obesity --- maintainers --- electroencephalography --- Alzheimer’s disease --- omega-3 fatty acids --- diet-deficient --- weight loss maintenance --- neural processing --- hippocampal neurogenesis --- Brain --- Diseases --- Diet therapy. --- Cerebrum --- Mind --- Central nervous system --- Head --- Alzheimer's disease